https://ijassa.com/index.php/ijassa/issue/feed 2025-02-21T16:22:18+00:00 Dr. Arif Hussain chiefeditor@ijassa.com Open Journal Systems <p>International Journal of Applied Sciences and Society Archives (IJASSA) is multidisciplinary online open access journal. The journal has a deliberately broad scope and publishes high quality empirical and theoretical research papers, case studies, literature reviews, book reviews, theses/dissertations and academic essays. The IJASSA covers scholarly research articles in the field of all Social Sciences, Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Physical &amp; Numerical Sciences and Engineering which include, but not limited to, Anthropology, Humanities, Gender Studies, International Relations, Law, Political Science, Philosophy, Criminology, Women Education, Women Empowerment, Education, Sociology, Psychology, Physical Education &amp; Sports, Special Education, JMC, Islamic Studies, Pakistan Studies, Cultural Studies, History, Linguistic and Literature, Economics, Commerce, Management Sciences, Botany, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Zoology, Chemistry, Mahematics, Phsics, Computer Sciences, Agricultural Education, Entomoloy, Engineering, Allied Health Sciences and other related subjects. Authors are encouraged to submit your papers through Open Journal System (OJS) or send to us via this email <strong><span style="color: #0000ff;">chiefeditor@ijassa.com</span></strong> directly according to the submission guidelines.</p> <h1 class="page_title">Submission Guidelines</h1> <div class="page"> <h1 class="page_title"><strong style="font-size: 14px;">All manuscript submissions must include the following</strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">:</span></h1> <div class="page"> <p class="p1">1. List of Authors with details: complete names, qualifications, designations, postal addresses, email addresses, contact numbers.</p> <p class="p1">2. Identification of Principal Author, whose name shall be written as first author. The Principal Author must make a statement that the article has not been submitted to another journal at the time of submission to IJASSA. In case the article has to be withdrawn at a later stage, suficient reasons acceptable to the editorial board shall be submitted by the Principal Author.</p> <p class="p1">3. Identification of Corresponding Author, whether the first author or another author.</p> <p class="p1">4. Letter of undertaking by all authors indicating their contribution to the research study and submitted manuscript and that they have read the manuscript prior to submission.</p> <p class="p1">5. Letters of No Conflicts of Interests by all authors; if a conflict exists, it should be mentioned.</p> <p class="p1">6. Letter of approval from an Institutional Ethics Review Committee stating that there are no ethical violations or if there were any, these have been compensated for.</p> <p class="p1">7. Report of Plagiarism Checking is preferable, but not essential; however, authors should be aware that their manuscripts may be returned to them on the basis of plagiarized content.</p> <p class="p1"><strong>MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION</strong></p> <p class="p1">Types of manuscripts accepted</p> <p class="p1">1. Original research papers</p> <p class="p1">2. Short communications</p> <p class="p1">3. Review articles</p> <p class="p1">4. Case reports</p> <p class="p1">5. Editorials</p> <p class="p1">6. Book Reviews</p> <p class="p1">7. Biographical notes</p> <p class="p1">8. Conference reports</p> <p class="p1"><strong>Manuscript requirements</strong></p> <p class="p1">1. All manuscripts should be submitted online through the journal website after registering at ijassa.com</p> <p class="p1">2. Manuscripts should be in MS Word format, typed in Times New Roman font size 12, double spaced with one inch margins all around the page. The title should be in capital letters, font size 14, center-aligned and not more than 150 letters (including spaces). It should reflect the study objectives and/or main results.</p> <p class="p1">3. The names of authors should be written below the title with the Principal Author/Investigator written first, unless otherwise speciFied. The First author is also considered the Corresponding Author, unless otherwise specified. Complete names, qualifications, designations, postal addresses, email addresses and contact numbers of all authors are to be submitted.</p> <p class="p1">4. The Abstract should be of structured format with subheadings of Introduction, Materials &amp; Methods, Results, and Conclusions, followed by 3-10 Key Words basedon MeSH (http://www.pubmed.gov) indexing. Each section of the abstract should be concise and contain content relevant to the study objectives, study design, data collection, main results and brief conclusion; the abstract should contain 200-250 words.</p> <p class="p1">5. The Introduction should have three components, written as sequential paragraphs: the first portion should Identify and State the Problem Under Study, with supportive references and epidemiological data based on a recent (within last 5 years) literature search; the second part should be a Literature Review, giving a brief account of the major research studies on the problem along with the milestones, highlights and failures to date. Preferably this should be based on research within the last 5-10 years. The third part of Introduction is the Rationale of the Study, where the importance of the study is presented. It should describe why it is necessary to carry out the research, what would be gained from it and what would be lost if the research were not done.</p> <p class="p1">6. The Aim and Objectives are written at the end of Introduction. Though writing an aim is not essential, writing the objectives are essential and papers would not be accepted without written objectives in the standard</p> <p class="p1">‘To do ...’ and SMART format.</p> <p class="p1">7. Any Hypothesis, if written, should be based on clear understanding and description of both Null and Alternate states; some justification should be given as to why the alternate hypothesis was developed and what would be the possible consequences of putting the findings in practice should the null get rejected on the basis of the research study.</p> <p class="p1">8. The Materials &amp; Methods should follow a standard checklist based on Settings, Duration, Population &amp; Sample, Selection Criteria, Study Design, Sampling Technique, Sample Size, Method of Data Collection and Data Analysis. Suficient details of materials used and methods adopted should be provided to enable other researchers to replicate the study in case they wish to do so. For data analysis, mention the main variables, their types, what calculations and analyses were done, what tests of significance were used and the p value considered significant.</p> <p class="p1">9. The Results should be presented in an integrated manner in tables, figures, illustrations, etc. with supportive and explanatory text. A good approach is to have a table for demographic data, followed by tables or figures with specific data to be presented. Most articles should be able to summarize their findings in up to 4 tables and 2 figures. The captions of tables should be on the top of the table serially numbered (Table 1, Table 2, etc.); the captions for figures should be at the bottom and serially numbered separately (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.). These should be cited in relevant accompanying text so that the reader can find the results being referred to.</p> <p class="p1">10. The Discussion is a very important part of an article and should not be used to describe the results in repetition; rather it is meant to explain and interpret the results and provide readers with a comprehensive picture of how the researchers have viewed their results in light of their objectives. It should be mentioned how the results strengthen a hypothesis or help in making a decision regarding the null hypothesis. A recommended technique is to discuss the main findings of the study first, giving reasons for the plausibility or otherwise of the findings. Demographic and other supportive data should be used to further the discussion and should not be used to discuss unimportant aspects of the profiles of subjects. An important component of discussion is to compare and contrast the findings of the study with other similar studies starting from recent local studies and proceeding to national, regional and international levels, as indicated. References for comparisons should also be recent studies with similar objectives and/or study designs; preferably studies with large random samples and strong statistical analyses should be selected for discussion.</p> <p class="p1">11. The Conclusion follows logically from the discussion and should be a subheading of Discussion rather than a separate entity. It should not be lengthy but composed of a few conclusive sentences that will convey a final summarized message to the reader regarding the utility of the study undertaken.</p> <p class="p1">12. Recommendations may be written separately, as a subheading, if any follow logically from the findings of the study. They should be based on the present study and not given from other sources such as books or other articles.</p> <p class="p1">13. Acknowledgements are also a separate heading where needed, written before references. Acknowledge only material, technical or financial support; routine secretarial work and/or proof reading the article are not to be acknowledged.</p> <p class="p1">14. The References are a separate heading, listing all the literature cited in the study. Referencing should follow the Vancouver style as given in www.icmje.org. The number of references should be justified to no more than three references on a given aspect or issue cited in the text; the total number of references should be between 20 and 30 for an original article; a review article may contain from 30 -40 references. References should be within the last 05 years or at most 10 years from the date of submission of articles; exceptions can be made for important historical references, but these should not be more than 5% of the total references. </p> <p class="p1">15. The journal accept APA 6th or 7th referecing style for publications in the journal.</p> <p class="p1">16. The author must clearly state if any funding is involved. </p> <p class="p1">17. The other must declare if there is any conflict of interest</p> <p class="p1">The authors must confirm that they have substantial contribution to:</p> <ul> <li>the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND</li> <li>Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND</li> <li>Final approval of the version to be published; AND</li> <li>Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved</li> </ul> </div> </div> https://ijassa.com/index.php/ijassa/article/view/14 2025-01-18T08:10:57+00:00 Awais Ur Rahman sultanawais4344@gmail.com

<p>This paper investigates how the changes in population structures in urban and rural Pakistan impact the amount and quality of the social services available for health, education, and housing. The paper's researcher, for this research, used a quantitative research design for data collection from 100 participants with equal representation between urban and rural settings using the structured questionnaire. Analysis shows that the migrants from rural into urban improved both healthcare and educational services in those areas, but since there was improvement of both services, those areas were faced with extreme challenges when housing conditions were concerned. They also have overcrowding and decreasing conditions in the areas. The rural areas, which offered relatively stable housing, suffered deteriorating healthcare and education services due to population decline. Such policies would require more balanced development strategies aimed at leveling disparities in access to urban and rural social services with concerns for equity and sustainability</p>

2025-02-04T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Applied Sciences and Society Archives (IJASSA) https://ijassa.com/index.php/ijassa/article/view/15 2025-02-21T16:22:18+00:00 Kishor bushara.ar@gmail.com Bushara bushara.ar@gmail.com

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating early and accurate detection for improved patient outcomes. Deep learning has revolutionized medical image analysis, particularly in histopathology-based classification of colon cancer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art deep learning architectures, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Vision Transformers (ViTs), and hybrid models. We compare their performance, strengths, and limitations based on recent advancements in medical AI research. The study highlights the role of attention mechanisms, self-supervised learning, federated learning, and explainability techniques such as Grad-CAM in enhancing model reliability and interpretability. Furthermore, emerging trends such as contrastive learning, diffusion models, and Capsule Networks are explored for their potential in improving classification accuracy. Challenges such as data scarcity, generalization issues, and computational demands are also discussed. This review aims to provide insights into the evolution of deep learning for colon cancer classification and outlines future research directions to bridge existing gaps.</span></p>

2025-02-24T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Applied Sciences and Society Archives (IJASSA)